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O'Dell, Gregory N. "Chimpanzees: Last of the Great Apes?" Linearism.Org Advocacy For Human Rights. 01 Jan. 2006. Web. 06 Feb. 2011. <http://www.linearism.org/GoGlobalStepUp.html>.
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God Bless Us All Each and Everyone!
The endangerment or extinction of primate species is weighed
carefully against human population needs and forest resources.
The disappearance of the great apes certainly have a negative
aesthetic affect on the human psyche; however, the extinction
of the chimpanzee, man’s closet relative, precariously shifts
humans to the top of the endangered primate list. Troglodytes or
robust chimpanzee share not only biological similarities to
humans but also social and psychological adaptive traits to
cope in diverse or diminishing habitat. If these creatures can no
longer cope in a diminishing environment, a global concern for
our own existence could be in serious question.
carefully against human population needs and forest resources.
The disappearance of the great apes certainly have a negative
aesthetic affect on the human psyche; however, the extinction
of the chimpanzee, man’s closet relative, precariously shifts
humans to the top of the endangered primate list. Troglodytes or
robust chimpanzee share not only biological similarities to
humans but also social and psychological adaptive traits to
cope in diverse or diminishing habitat. If these creatures can no
longer cope in a diminishing environment, a global concern for
our own existence could be in serious question.
Taxonomic Overview & Distribution
Sometimes called the common chimpanzee to distinguish it
from bonobos (P. paniscus) concentrated south of the Congo
river of central Africa, Pan Troglodytes dominates north of the
Congo, a population of approximately 300,000 individuals
fanning from equatorial Guinea to southwestern Tanzania. The
four subspecies of Pan Troglodytes bare geographical
common names such as, central (P. t. troglodytes), western (P.
t. verus), eastern (P. t. schweinfurthii), and the
Nigeria-Cameroon (P. t. vellerosus).
from bonobos (P. paniscus) concentrated south of the Congo
river of central Africa, Pan Troglodytes dominates north of the
Congo, a population of approximately 300,000 individuals
fanning from equatorial Guinea to southwestern Tanzania. The
four subspecies of Pan Troglodytes bare geographical
common names such as, central (P. t. troglodytes), western (P.
t. verus), eastern (P. t. schweinfurthii), and the
Nigeria-Cameroon (P. t. vellerosus).
The Central Chimpanzee populates south of the Sanaga River
of Cameroon, west Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea,
and north of the Congo River. The western species is found in
southeastern Senegal, southwest Mali, and southerner Guinea,
Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cote d’ivoire and Ghana. The eastern
subspecies occupies an eastern position in the Central African
Republic, southwest Sudan and north of the Congo. Isolated
occupation also has been recorded in Rwanda and Uganda.
The Nigeria or better know as the Nigeria-Cameroon
chimpanzee occupies both countries; however, is mostly found
in Cameroon (Inskipp 2005).
of Cameroon, west Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea,
and north of the Congo River. The western species is found in
southeastern Senegal, southwest Mali, and southerner Guinea,
Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cote d’ivoire and Ghana. The eastern
subspecies occupies an eastern position in the Central African
Republic, southwest Sudan and north of the Congo. Isolated
occupation also has been recorded in Rwanda and Uganda.
The Nigeria or better know as the Nigeria-Cameroon
chimpanzee occupies both countries; however, is mostly found
in Cameroon (Inskipp 2005).
Pan Troglodytes live in groups of about 35 individuals, and can
exceed 100 members. The robust chimpanzee exhibits
adaptive traits to a changing habitat; geological and modern
human encroachments. Unlike most primates, they are not
limited to lowland fruit bearing trees and can be found in
evergreen forest, woodlands and savanna. Although, they can
subsist and do live in dry areas, they must have an out cropping
of trees, patches of forest, to survive. Their resilience against
the elements has been associated with their social structure
and learned behavior (Inskipp 2005).
exceed 100 members. The robust chimpanzee exhibits
adaptive traits to a changing habitat; geological and modern
human encroachments. Unlike most primates, they are not
limited to lowland fruit bearing trees and can be found in
evergreen forest, woodlands and savanna. Although, they can
subsist and do live in dry areas, they must have an out cropping
of trees, patches of forest, to survive. Their resilience against
the elements has been associated with their social structure
and learned behavior (Inskipp 2005).
The reasoning ability of this primate is astonishing and well
documented. This suggest a well organized community that
we least understand. Most primates can be observed in
isolation and relevant facts about the species social order can
be determined. Chimpanzee’s social structures are complex
and least understood. Chimpanzee researchers Duane
Rumbaugh and Bill Fields explain:
documented. This suggest a well organized community that
we least understand. Most primates can be observed in
isolation and relevant facts about the species social order can
be determined. Chimpanzee’s social structures are complex
and least understood. Chimpanzee researchers Duane
Rumbaugh and Bill Fields explain:
“language research with apes during the last
50 years provides strong evidence for their
use of words (manual gestures or graphic
patterns) as meaningful symbols to things and
there quantities (temperature color ect),
person or peers, activities, or as places for
food, rest, chasing, and so on. Apes can also
comprehend with fairly complex structures
(Rumbaugh Box 3.1 pp 48).”
50 years provides strong evidence for their
use of words (manual gestures or graphic
patterns) as meaningful symbols to things and
there quantities (temperature color ect),
person or peers, activities, or as places for
food, rest, chasing, and so on. Apes can also
comprehend with fairly complex structures
(Rumbaugh Box 3.1 pp 48).”
The complexly of this primates social structure allows it to
sustain populations of different climates altitudes (2000m) and
diet. Chimpanzee societies are made up of individuals that
associate learned behavior, and rely on group relationships to
survive. And just as in human society, where reason promotes
virtue, so too does it breed vice. Chimpanzee raiding parties
have been observed attacking neighboring chimpanzee
communities. These clashes are planned, orchestrated and
deadly. Male chimps actively seek apes outside their own
community and kill which sometimes includes death of infants..
sustain populations of different climates altitudes (2000m) and
diet. Chimpanzee societies are made up of individuals that
associate learned behavior, and rely on group relationships to
survive. And just as in human society, where reason promotes
virtue, so too does it breed vice. Chimpanzee raiding parties
have been observed attacking neighboring chimpanzee
communities. These clashes are planned, orchestrated and
deadly. Male chimps actively seek apes outside their own
community and kill which sometimes includes death of infants..
Infanticide has been observed but is not a conclusive trait
because few observers have reported intentional killings.
Within their own group, seldom is another chimp killed. Sixteen
percent of a chimpanzee’s diet consists of meat which they
share usually after a hunting party. It is unclear if the sharing is
a tactic to horde or a means of social status or both. Sharing of
vegetation, insects and fruit is common between mother and
infant but seldom observed between adults.
because few observers have reported intentional killings.
Within their own group, seldom is another chimp killed. Sixteen
percent of a chimpanzee’s diet consists of meat which they
share usually after a hunting party. It is unclear if the sharing is
a tactic to horde or a means of social status or both. Sharing of
vegetation, insects and fruit is common between mother and
infant but seldom observed between adults.
Male chimpanzees usually stay within their own group of
lineage forming alliances while females will transfer to other
groups after leaving there mothers. Females bond together
and observation suggest that this could be tactic to ward off
unwanted males and possibly to avoid predators such as the
leopard and lion. Female relationship also allows for share
knowledge of known food recourses seasonal and famine
foods (Inskipp 2005).
lineage forming alliances while females will transfer to other
groups after leaving there mothers. Females bond together
and observation suggest that this could be tactic to ward off
unwanted males and possibly to avoid predators such as the
leopard and lion. Female relationship also allows for share
knowledge of known food recourses seasonal and famine
foods (Inskipp 2005).
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Chimpanzees live and adapt in diverse geographical habitats.
Each group form a “fission-fusion dynamic” in order to exploit
the variety of seasonal food resources. Like most primates,
chimpanzees prefer sugary ripe fruit. In the absence of this
high calorie diet they will eat low tannin leafs and vegetation.
The diet of a chimpanzee consist of over 300 types of
vegetation mostly fruit, flowers and seeds. Much of this food
requires learned behavior for access or preparation to eat.
Tools are often used such as breaking nuts or fishing for
termites. This ape like most also eats earth seemly to fulfill a
nutrient need or medicinal purpose such as an upset stomach.
Figs are an option when available and fig leaves make up a
good portion of the diet while eating figs as found in feces
samples. Feces samples of all subspecies include various
other foods including, honey, termites and ants (Inskipp 2005).
Each group form a “fission-fusion dynamic” in order to exploit
the variety of seasonal food resources. Like most primates,
chimpanzees prefer sugary ripe fruit. In the absence of this
high calorie diet they will eat low tannin leafs and vegetation.
The diet of a chimpanzee consist of over 300 types of
vegetation mostly fruit, flowers and seeds. Much of this food
requires learned behavior for access or preparation to eat.
Tools are often used such as breaking nuts or fishing for
termites. This ape like most also eats earth seemly to fulfill a
nutrient need or medicinal purpose such as an upset stomach.
Figs are an option when available and fig leaves make up a
good portion of the diet while eating figs as found in feces
samples. Feces samples of all subspecies include various
other foods including, honey, termites and ants (Inskipp 2005).
Habitat & Diet
Chimpanzees are omnivores but do engage in hunting parties that
sublimate the diet with red meat, usually the red colobus monkey.
They are skill hunters in jungle as well as savanna which include
small animals such as the wild pig, small antelope and other
species of monkey. It is not clear if the urge to hunt is to satisfy
nutrients in famine periods or to form communal bonds or both.
At the end of the hunt meat is shared amongst hunting
participants then passed to what seems to be friends in a picking
order fashion that may not include the high ranking females and
alpha male (Stanford 1998).
sublimate the diet with red meat, usually the red colobus monkey.
They are skill hunters in jungle as well as savanna which include
small animals such as the wild pig, small antelope and other
species of monkey. It is not clear if the urge to hunt is to satisfy
nutrients in famine periods or to form communal bonds or both.
At the end of the hunt meat is shared amongst hunting
participants then passed to what seems to be friends in a picking
order fashion that may not include the high ranking females and
alpha male (Stanford 1998).
Reproductive Behavior
Reproductive behavior among chimps is selective when the
female is best suited for pregnancy. She usually seeks out a male
of high social status within the group. Copulation with juveniles
and males of lower status is common. Copulation is sometimes
guarded by a group of males and a swelling female.
Chimpanzees have a low reproductive rate reaching sexual
maturity in about 10 to 13 years; however, usually conceive after
15 to 16 years of age. During this time the female will mate with
different males until she is able to conceive in another group.
female is best suited for pregnancy. She usually seeks out a male
of high social status within the group. Copulation with juveniles
and males of lower status is common. Copulation is sometimes
guarded by a group of males and a swelling female.
Chimpanzees have a low reproductive rate reaching sexual
maturity in about 10 to 13 years; however, usually conceive after
15 to 16 years of age. During this time the female will mate with
different males until she is able to conceive in another group.
Chimpanzee reproduction is slow for many reasons. The most
obvious is the high mortality rate. The mortality rate of
chimpanzees averages about 15 years which allow for only about
three or four offspring per mean. Offspring investment for social
status takes it toll In one study females where observed
spending more time rearing male offspring and less mature
females spent 11 months investment in their daughters. Infants
are totally dependant of their mothers, an investment that also
tends to slow reproductively. It is important to note that the
aggressive tendency of the males and other groups lead to many
infant deaths observed as accidents (Inskipp).
obvious is the high mortality rate. The mortality rate of
chimpanzees averages about 15 years which allow for only about
three or four offspring per mean. Offspring investment for social
status takes it toll In one study females where observed
spending more time rearing male offspring and less mature
females spent 11 months investment in their daughters. Infants
are totally dependant of their mothers, an investment that also
tends to slow reproductively. It is important to note that the
aggressive tendency of the males and other groups lead to many
infant deaths observed as accidents (Inskipp).
Principle Threats
The biggest threat to the survival of the chimpanzee is aggressive
tendencies. Some chimpanzee’s carcasses have been noted to
have been killed by leopards and lions; however, these are rare
cases. Some cultures within its range still illegally hunt the chimp
for bush meat. Others of this species are taken for laboratory
experiments and the illegal animal trade. Diseases also take their
toll on this primate species especially Ebola. Ebola causes sever
cases of diarrhea that can, and does cause death. Ebola of a
resent strain killed of 12 chimps in the Tai Forest of Cote d’ivoire.
Most notably, this hardy primate will transfer to new areas once
deforestation has taken it toll; however, groups are often caught in
isolated pockets and can not retreat to another habitat (Inskipp)..
tendencies. Some chimpanzee’s carcasses have been noted to
have been killed by leopards and lions; however, these are rare
cases. Some cultures within its range still illegally hunt the chimp
for bush meat. Others of this species are taken for laboratory
experiments and the illegal animal trade. Diseases also take their
toll on this primate species especially Ebola. Ebola causes sever
cases of diarrhea that can, and does cause death. Ebola of a
resent strain killed of 12 chimps in the Tai Forest of Cote d’ivoire.
Most notably, this hardy primate will transfer to new areas once
deforestation has taken it toll; however, groups are often caught in
isolated pockets and can not retreat to another habitat (Inskipp)..
Conservation Priorities
The common chimpanzee has been classified as
endangered by the World Conservation Union or the IUCN
which translates to a very high risk of extinction in the
future. The eastern and western fragmented pockets are
the most affected areas. Human encroachment by first
logging leaves inroads to the forests that sustain the
chimpanzee population. Unmanaged logging destroys the
ecosystem necessary to support the vegetation,
particularly in the case of rain forest with poor soil and
mutually dependant plants and fauna. History has shown
even in the areas where selective logging was effective,
humans make inroads to the forest and exploit the
environment first by hunting, then agriculture, and finally
industrial mining including oil. Although most hunting is for
other bush meat and not intentional, reports of
Chimpanzees with missing limbs form wire snares are
reported.
endangered by the World Conservation Union or the IUCN
which translates to a very high risk of extinction in the
future. The eastern and western fragmented pockets are
the most affected areas. Human encroachment by first
logging leaves inroads to the forests that sustain the
chimpanzee population. Unmanaged logging destroys the
ecosystem necessary to support the vegetation,
particularly in the case of rain forest with poor soil and
mutually dependant plants and fauna. History has shown
even in the areas where selective logging was effective,
humans make inroads to the forest and exploit the
environment first by hunting, then agriculture, and finally
industrial mining including oil. Although most hunting is for
other bush meat and not intentional, reports of
Chimpanzees with missing limbs form wire snares are
reported.
Currently protected areas cover all four species of
chimpanzees with a population of about 300,000.
Scientific teams monitor and determine the success
score of each country which include: Cameroon Korup
National park, and Dja Faunal Reserve, CAR Dzanga-
Sangha, Congo Odzala National Park, Cote d’Ivoire
Marahoue National Park and Tai National Park, DRC
Huri Forest Reserve, Equatorial Guinea Monte Alen
National Park, Gabon Lope National park, Nigeria
Cross River National Park, Uganda Kibale National
Park, and the United Republic of Tanzania Mahle
Mountains National Park (Inskipp Table 4.3 pp79).
The mean score of all parks was recently 3.4 which
show reasonable confidents in the overall success of
these protected areas (Inskipp).
chimpanzees with a population of about 300,000.
Scientific teams monitor and determine the success
score of each country which include: Cameroon Korup
National park, and Dja Faunal Reserve, CAR Dzanga-
Sangha, Congo Odzala National Park, Cote d’Ivoire
Marahoue National Park and Tai National Park, DRC
Huri Forest Reserve, Equatorial Guinea Monte Alen
National Park, Gabon Lope National park, Nigeria
Cross River National Park, Uganda Kibale National
Park, and the United Republic of Tanzania Mahle
Mountains National Park (Inskipp Table 4.3 pp79).
The mean score of all parks was recently 3.4 which
show reasonable confidents in the overall success of
these protected areas (Inskipp).
The success of these protected areas comes mostly
from the positive public attitude and effective law
enforcement, large protective area size, low human
population, the presence on nongovernmental
organizations and ecological continuity. The lowest
scores come from more populated areas of West Africa
and bush eating culture with high human populations.
Primate education and public awareness have by far
proven to be the most effect tool for primate survival.
Once the local communities, usually poor farmers, have
become aware of the importance of the chimpanzee,
hunting and destruction are deterred, foreign investment
shifts to eco-travelers and allows opportune politicians to
decree public land. Primatologists capitalize on ape
awareness, and invite local scientist to first world
academia which strengthens the tie back home for global
environmental investment (Inskipp).
from the positive public attitude and effective law
enforcement, large protective area size, low human
population, the presence on nongovernmental
organizations and ecological continuity. The lowest
scores come from more populated areas of West Africa
and bush eating culture with high human populations.
Primate education and public awareness have by far
proven to be the most effect tool for primate survival.
Once the local communities, usually poor farmers, have
become aware of the importance of the chimpanzee,
hunting and destruction are deterred, foreign investment
shifts to eco-travelers and allows opportune politicians to
decree public land. Primatologists capitalize on ape
awareness, and invite local scientist to first world
academia which strengthens the tie back home for global
environmental investment (Inskipp).
Awareness is only a start, serous observation
of a expanding population requires global
activism followed by global capital investment,
especially from first world countries that do
not harbor primates; however, harbor the
capital necessary to save the environment
that they share.
of a expanding population requires global
activism followed by global capital investment,
especially from first world countries that do
not harbor primates; however, harbor the
capital necessary to save the environment
that they share.
 |
Caldecott, J. Miles, L (eds), World Atlas
of Great Apes and their Conservation. University of
California Press, Berkeley, pp. 53-81.
Rumbaugh, Duane and Bill Fields Rumbaugh (1986).
Use of Human Languages by Captive
Great Apes. In: Cladeott, J. Miles, L (eds), World Atlas
of Great Apes and their
Conservation. University of California Press,
Berkeley,
pp 48.”
Stanford, C. B. (1998). Chimpanzee and Red Colobus;
The Ecology of predator and prey. In:
Cladeott, J. Miles, L (eds), World Atlas of Great Apes
and their Conservation. University
of California Press, Berkeley, pp 59”.”
of Great Apes and their Conservation. University of
California Press, Berkeley, pp. 53-81.
Rumbaugh, Duane and Bill Fields Rumbaugh (1986).
Use of Human Languages by Captive
Great Apes. In: Cladeott, J. Miles, L (eds), World Atlas
of Great Apes and their
Conservation. University of California Press,
Berkeley,
pp 48.”
Stanford, C. B. (1998). Chimpanzee and Red Colobus;
The Ecology of predator and prey. In:
Cladeott, J. Miles, L (eds), World Atlas of Great Apes
and their Conservation. University
of California Press, Berkeley, pp 59”.”
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Consequentialism refers to those moral theories which hold that the consequences of a particular action
form the basis for any valid moral judgment about that action (or create a structure for judgment, see rule
consequentialism). Thus, from a consequentialist standpoint, a morally right action is one that produces a
good outcome, or consequence. This view is often expressed as the aphorism "The ends justify the means".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequentialism
form the basis for any valid moral judgment about that action (or create a structure for judgment, see rule
consequentialism). Thus, from a consequentialist standpoint, a morally right action is one that produces a
good outcome, or consequence. This view is often expressed as the aphorism "The ends justify the means".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequentialism
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monkey named W.C. Fields continues to roam around San Antonio after
escaping from a primate preserve last week, when tropical storm Hermine tore
open the owners' 40-foot wire enclosure. Primarily Primates has been .........
/ KENS 5 kens5.com Posted on September 15, 2010 SAN ANTONIO -- A spider
monkey named W.C. Fields continues to roam around San Antonio after
escaping from a primate preserve last week, when tropical storm Hermine tore
open the owners' 40-foot wire enclosure. Primarily Primates has been .........
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